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NATIONAL ART GALLERY- LONDON-UK
Attribution:Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net)., CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
NATIONAL ART GALLERY-LONDON-UK
HISTORY:
Founded in 1824, the iconic gallery is free to enter and welcomes more than two million visitors each year who are treated to a wide-range of works dating from the mid-13th century. Collections include Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh, The Hay Wain by John Constable and Self Portrait as Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Artemisia Gentileschi. Discover something new in the nation’s collection of more than 2,000 paintings.
ENTRANCE: FREE
FACILITIES:
Restaurants:
-Ochre cocktail bar and restaurant
-Muriel’s Kitchen
-Espresso Bar
Accessibility
-Accessible lift, all routes suitable for pushchairs or prams, Accessible baby changing
Room, accessible changing rooms
Gift shop
Public toilets
Free WiFi
Lifts
Luggage storage
Opening time:
Open daily 10am–6pm
Friday until 9pm
Closed 24–26 December and 1 January
Getting there:
– Address: Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN
-The closest Tube station to the National Gallery is Charing Cross (Bakerloo and Northern lines). Embankment (Bakerloo, Circle, District and Northern lines) and Leicester Square (Northern and Piccadilly lines) are both within 10 minutes’ walk.
-Various bus routes stop close to the gallery, including 12, 24, 88 and 453.
TIPS
- You can download the FLOOR PLAN and mark the rooms for the paintings you want see. It will help you for not missing any paintings in your wish list.
- It is good to BOOK THE TICKET in advance, even though it is free.
- If you like Chinese food, CHINA TOWN is only in 10 minutes’ walk where you get authentic Chinese food.
~~~~# MOST POPULAR PAINTINGS TO SEE:#~~~~~
Attribution:Jan van Eyck , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- The Arnolfini Portrait BY Jan van Eyck (Room 28) Jan van Eyck (active 1422; died 1441)
Van Eyck appears to have painted many religious commissions and portraits of Burgundian courtiers, local nobles, churchmen, and merchants. A small group of his paintings survive with dates from 1432 onwards. One of his most famous works is the ‘Arnolfini Portrait’, signed and dated 1434. The Arnolfini Portrait is a 1434 oil painting on oak panel by this Netherlandish painter. It forms a full-length double portrait, believed to depict the Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife, presumably in their residence at the Flemish city of Bruges. showcasing their wealth and status. The painting was bought by the National Gallery in London in 1842.
Van Eyck used the technique of applying several layers of thin translucent glazes to create a painting with an intensity of both tone and colour. The glowing colours also help to highlight the realism, and to show the material wealth and opulence of Arnolfini’s world. Van Eyck took advantage of the longer drying time of oil paint, compared to tempera, to blend colours by painting wet-in-wet to achieve subtle variations in light and shade to heighten the illusion of three-dimensional forms.
Details of the convex mirror:
The small medallions set into the frame of the convex mirror at the back of the room show tiny scenes from the Passion of Christ and may represent God’s promise of salvation for the figures reflected on the mirror’s convex surface. Furthering the Memorial theory, all the scenes on the wife’s side are of Christ’s death and resurrection. Those on the husband’s side concern Christ’s life. The mirror itself may represent the eye of God observing the vows of the wedding. A spotless mirror was also an established symbol of Mary, referring to the Holy Virgin’s immaculate conception and purity. The mirror reflects two figures in the doorway, one of whom may be the painter himself. In Panofsky’s controversial view, the figures are shown to prove that the two witnesses required to make a wedding legal were present, and Van Eyck’s signature on the wall acts as some form of actual documentation of an event at which he was himself present.
Attribution:FaReiBoe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger (Room 12)
The two figures are the French ambassador, Jean de Dinteville (on the left), who is believed to have commissioned the painting, and his friend Georges de Selve, the Bishop of Lavaur (right), who had come to visit Dinteville while he was dispatched to London.
Jean de Dinteville was on his second diplomatic mission to England on behalf of Francis I, King of France. This portrait was painted at a time of religious upheaval in Europe. Although the pope had refused to annul Henry VIII, King of England’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon which resulted in a break with the Roman Catholic Church, in 1533 he married Anne Boleyn. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries.
Holbein was one of the most accomplished portraitists of the 16th century. He spent two periods of his life in England (1526-8 and 1532-43), portraying the nobility of the Tudor court. Holbein’s famous portrait of Henry VIII (London, National Portrait Gallery) dates from the second of these periods. ‘The Ambassadors’, also from this period, depicts two visitors to the court of Henry VIII. ‘Christina of Denmark’ is a portrait of a potential wife for the king.
Holbein was born in Augsburg in southern Germany in the winter of 1497-8. He was taught by his father, Hans Holbein the Elder. He became a member of the Basel artists’ guild in 1519. He travelled a great deal, and is recorded in Lucerne, northern Italy, and France. In these years he produced woodcuts and fresco designs as well as panel paintings. With the spread of the Reformation in Northern Europe the demand for religious images declined and artists sought alternative work. Holbein first travelled to England in 1526 with a recommendation to Thomas More from the scholar Erasmus. In 1532 he settled in England, dying of the plague in London in 1543.Holbein was a highly versatile and technically accomplished artist who worked in different media. He also designed jewellery and metalwork.
Attribution:Vincent van Gogh , CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
- Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh (Room 43)
Sunflowers is the title of two series of still life paintings by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The first series, executed in Paris in 1887, depicts the flowers lying on the ground, while the second set, made a year later in Arles, shows a bouquet of sunflowers in a vase. In less than a week Van Gogh painted a series of still-life of Sunflowers. Although they failed to sell during his lifetime, they would now be worth an unimaginable sum. Today the Sunflowers are arguably the world’s most instantly recognisable artworks.
The value of paintings like those of Van Gogh clearly change over time and can be driven by various elements. In 1987 Sunflowers — well, one of the seven still life of the flower he did — sold for £24m at Christie’s in London.
The sunflower paintings had a special significance for Van Gogh: they communicated ‘gratitude’; he wrote. He hung the first two in the room of his friend, the painter Paul Gauguin, who came to live with him for a while in the Yellow House.
Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created approximately 2100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still life, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold, symbolic colours, and dramatic, impulsive, and highly expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. Only one of his paintings was known by name to have been sold during his lifetime. Van Gogh became famous after his suicide at age 37, which followed years of poverty and mental illness. Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions. Though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly, and drank heavily. His depression persisted, and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh is believed to have shot himself in the chest with a revolver, dying from his injuries two days late.
Van Gogh’s art gained critical recognition after his death and his life story captured public imagination as an emblem of misunderstood genius. Today, Van Gogh’s works are among the world’s most expensive paintings to have ever sold, and his legacy is honoured by a museum in his name, the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, which holds the world’s largest collection of his paintings and drawings.
Attribution:J. M. W. Turner , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
4. The Fighting Temeraire by Joseph Mallord William Turner (Room 34)
Turner painted The Fighting Temeraire in 1839. The painting re-imagines the final journey of HMS Temeraire. It was a 98-gun second-rate ship of the line of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy. Launched in 1798, she served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, mostly on blockades or convoy escort duties. She fought only one fleet action, the Battle of Trafalgar, but became so well known for that action and her subsequent depictions in art and literature that she has been remembered as The Fighting Temeraire.
Joseph Mallord William Turner is perhaps the best-loved English Romantic artist. He became known as ‘the painter of light’, because of his increasing interest in brilliant colours as the main constituent in his landscapes and seascapes. His works include water colours, oils, and engravings. Turner was born near Covent Garden in London and entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1789. His earliest works form part of the 18th-century topographical tradition. He was soon inspired by 17th-century Dutch artists such as Willem van der Velde, and by the Italianate landscapes of Claude and Richard Wilson. He exhibited watercolours at the Royal Academy from 1790, and oils from 1796. In 1840 he met the critic John Ruskin, who became the great champion of his work. Turner became interested in contemporary technology, as can be seen from ‘The Fighting Temeraire’ and ‘Rain, Steam and Speed’. At the time his free, expressive treatment of these subjects was criticised, but it is now widely appreciated.
More paintings by Joseph Mallord William Turner- Calais Pier ( Room 34), Dido building Carthage (Room 36), Dutch Boats in a Gale (‘The Bridgewater Sea Piece’) (Room 34), Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway (Room 34), Sun Rising through Vapour (Room 36).Turner bequeathed much of his work to the nation. The great majority of the paintings are now at Tate Britain.
Attribution:Leonardo da Vinci , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
5. The Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci (Room 9)
In The Virgin of the Rocks, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) illustrates the first meeting of the infants Jesus and John the Baptist in a protected rocky grotto where, during their flight, they have paused to rest. All kneel to adore the infant Christ, who in turn raises his hand to bless them. The meeting is not recorded in the Christian Bible but is reported in the apocryphal book of James.
The painting was part of a large, elaborate altarpiece made for the church of San Francesco Grande, Milan to celebrate the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. It replaced a similar picture Leonardo made earlier (now in the Louvre, Paris).
The Virgin of the Rocks demonstrates Leonardo’s revolutionary technique of using shadows, rather than outlines, to model his figures. The Virgin and Child are usually shown in bright daylight, their faces set against the sky.
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works – including numerous unfinished works – he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best-known work and often regarded as the world’s most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.
Attribution: Diego Velázquez , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
6 The Toilet of Venus (Venus at her Mirror) Diego Velázquez (Room 30)
The Rokeby Venus also known as The Toilet of Venus, Venus at her Mirror, is a painting by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. Venus’ face is reflected in the mirror held up by her son, Cupid, but her reflection is blurred – we can’t see who she really is. Perhaps Velázquez wanted to make sure that Venus – the personification of female beauty – was not an identifiable person. This is Velázquez’s only surviving female nude and one of his most celebrated works. Its nickname, ‘The Rokeby Venus’, originates from Rokeby Park, a country house in County Durham, where the painting hung for much of the nineteenth century.
The painting was famously attacked by the suffragette Mary Richardson on 10 March 1914, leaving seven deep gashes on the canvas, and was subsequently fully restored. In 11/2023 two climate change protesters smashed a protective glass panel covering this painting. The group said the two activists chose to target the 17th-century oil painting because it was previously slashed as part of the suffragette movement calling for women’s rights in 1914. The protesters hammered the glass panel, then told people at the gallery: “Women did not get the vote by voting. It is time for deeds, not words.” “Politics is failing us. It failed women in 1914 and it is failing us now,” they added. The National Gallery said two people were arrested and the painting has been removed from display so conservators can examine it.It is worth an estimated £72.5 million.
Diego Velázquez was born in 1599 in Seville in southern Spain, at that time an important city with a thriving artistic community. At the age of eleven, Velázquez was apprenticed to Francisco Pacheco, Seville’s most significant artist and art theorist. Velázquez was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. Most of his work entered the Spanish royal collection, and by far the best collection is in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, though some portraits were sent abroad as diplomatic gifts.
Attribution: carulmare, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
7 SURPRISED! By Henri Rousseau: (Room 41)
“Surprised!” (Sometimes translated as “Surprise!”) was the first “jungle painting” created by Rousseau. The artist had never left France, so the tropical landscape comes from the artist’s imagination, fuelled both by stories about Mexico told by French soldiers and by his visits to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The tiger’s prey is beyond the canvas, so it is left to the viewer’s imagination to decide what is the victim.
Henri Rousseau: Rousseau was born at Laval and first worked as an inspector at a toll station on the outskirts of Paris (1871-85). From this his popular name ‘le douanier’ (the customs officer) is derived. He took seriously to painting after retirement and exhibited from 1886 at the Salon des Independents. He is best known for his jungle fantasy pictures, of which the Collection contains one example.
Attribution: Titian , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
8.Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian (Room 29)
Ariadne is a figure in Greek mythology, best known for her role in helping Theseus to defeat the monstrous half-man half-bull Minotaur, her half-brother, and escape the Labyrinth, the torturous maze beneath the palace of Knossos in Crete, ordered to be built by Ariadne’s father, King Minos. Ariadne betrayed her father and her country for her lover Theseus. Bacchus, the god of wine, falls in love with Ariadne and offers her marriage with the promise of a crown of stars as a wedding gift. In another version of the story, he offers her the Sky as a wedding gift where she later would become the constellation of the Northern Crown (Corona Borealis). Ariadne eventually becomes his immortal wife.
Titian– Titian was the greatest painter of 16th-century Venice. When he was about 10 years old, Titian arrived in Venice, then one of the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan cities in the world.Titian started his artistic training in the workshop of the mosaicist Sebastiano Zuccato. He later briefly joined Gentile Bellini’s workshop. After Gentile’s death in 1507, Titian joined the workshop of Gentile’s brother, Giovanni Bellini, which at that time was the most important in Venice.
Early in 1516 Titian started his professional relationship with Alfonso I d’Este, Duke of Ferrara and spent time in Alfonso’s castle. The duke wanted to create a private cabinet with mythological scenes derived from classical poetry.The duke employed the painters he considered to be the best at the time. Apart from Titian, the other artists were Raphael, Fra Bartolomeo, and Dosso Dossi. Following the deaths of Raphael and Fra Bartolomeo Titian’s involvement in the project increased. He then executed his two famous Bacchanals for Alfonso I, today in the Prado, Madrid, along with Bacchus and Ariadne, now in the National Gallery.
Titian also became the official painter of Charles V’s son, Philip II of Spain. Starting in about 1551, he painted the celebrated mythological series of pictures for Philip, which he referred to as ‘poesie’.The ‘poesie’ included Diana and Actaeon and Diana and Callisto, which are now part of the National Gallery’s collection, along with The Death of Actaeon, which was originally conceived as part of the series, but in fact remained unfinished in the artist’s studio at his death.
Attribution:Colin McLaughlin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
9.The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche (Room 32)
The Execution of Lady Jane Grey is an oil painting by Paul Delaroche, completed in 1833. It was enormously popular in the decades after it was painted, but in the 20th century realist historical paintings fell from critical favour and it was kept in storage for many decades, for much of which it was thought lost. Restored and displayed again since 1975, it immediately became a highly popular work once again, especially with younger visitors
Lady Jane Grey was queen for just nine days, as part of an unsuccessful bid to prevent the accession of the Catholic Mary Tudor. The great-granddaughter of Henry VII, Jane inherited the crown from her cousin Edward VI on 9 July 1553.
She arrived at the Tower of London to prepare for her coronation, but within a fortnight she was back as a prisoner of her Catholic cousin, Mary I who had claimed the throne as rightfully hers. While Mary was reluctant to punish her at first, Lady Jane proved too much of a threat as the focus of Protestant plotters intent on replacing Mary.
On 12 February 1554 Jane was executed on Tower Green. She was 17 years old. Did she die an innocent victim of the men plotting around her? Or as a willing Protestant martyr? We may never know. This is her story
Hippolyte-Paul Delaroche (July 1797 – November 1856) was a French painter who achieved his greater successes painting historical scenes. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1822. ‘The Execution of Lady Jane Grey’ was enthusiastically received when exhibited at the Salon in 1834. Three years later, however, hostile criticism of the works he submitted discouraged Delaroche from exhibiting again at the Salon.
Attribution:Claude Monet , CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
10.Water-Lilies by Claude Monet ( Room 41)
The Orangerie canvases tend to have recognisable details of trees and foliage which act as compositional anchors and help locate the viewer in the scene. However, this painting lacks any of these; distance and perspective are abolished, and a limitless expanse of water occupies our entire field of vision. The huge pale picture offers an immersive experience, its surface alive and shimmering with trails of green, ochre, violet, yellow, sky blue and pink.
Oscar-Claude Monet (Nov 14, 1840 – Dec 5, 1926) is one of the most famous Western painters of all time Monet Changed the History of Art. Monet often painted the same thing repeatedly, but each painting was different due to the fluctuations of the light, time of day and the seasons. This led to a series of paintings that included things like London’s Parliament and Water Lilies.
Monet’s works was a revolution for the history of art, and he created the impressionist movement. Before his time, painters often worked inside workshops and painted unrealistic depictions of individual subjects. Monet focused on light, shapes, and colours as he saw them. The invention of paint in tubes and the easel made his artistic journey much easier allowing him to paint outside. His painting ‘Impression Sunrise’ led to a movement that was named impressionism. Monet had a terrible temper and was not well liked in his hometown of Giverny. His purpose in life was to paint and he surrounded himself only with his art and so-called friends who were apparently as awful to be around as he was himself.
Monet was diagnosed with a cataract that really affected his sight and colour perception, just at the peak of his art career. He refused to have surgery for quite some time, but eventually he did. He lost many loved ones in his final years too including his great friend Renoir, both wives, son and stepdaughter/daughter in law/mistress. When he died, a close friend did not want him covered with a black cloth, so he draped flowery curtains over him instead
Attribution:Sandro Botticelli , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
11.Venus and Mars by Sandro Botticelli (Gallery D)
Venus and Mars (or Mars and Venus) is a panel painting of about 1485 by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli. It shows the Roman gods Venus, goddess of love, and Mars, god of war, in an allegory of beauty and valour. The youthful and voluptuous couple recline in a forest setting, surrounded by playful baby satyrs. The exact date of Venus and Mars is not known, but the National Gallery’s dated the painting to 1485 . The usual view of scholars is that the painting was commissioned to celebrate a marriage, and is a relatively uncomplicated representation of sensual pleasure, with an added meaning of love conquering or outlasting war.
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (1445 – 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. Botticelli’s posthumous reputation (published after someone’s death) suffered until the late 19th century, when he was rediscovered by the Pre-Raphaelites who stimulated a reappraisal of his work. Since then, his paintings have been seen to represent the linear grace of late Italian Gothic and some Early Renaissance painting, even though they date from the latter half of the Italian Renaissance period. His best-known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera, both in the Uffizi in Florence, which holds many of Botticelli’s works. Botticelli lived all his life in the same neighbourhood of Florence; his only significant times elsewhere were the months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481–82.
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